Makalah Reading

Di Susun Oleh ;

Ian Andrian

211-501-027

A

Daftar isi

Kata Penghantar ....................................................................................................................  xi

Pendahuluan ..........................................................................................................................  xii

               Reading Skills on the test ..........................................................................................  xii

               Below are the various forms of the common questions in a matter of Reading ....  xiiii

Isi  .............................................................................................................................................  1

               A.What is the mean by.............................................................................................. 1

               B. TEXT TYPES: FEATURES & SAMPLE .......................................................................  2

               C.  Example of narrative text ...................................................................................  3

               D.  News Item (Berita) ..............................................................................................  4

               E. Procedure (prosedur) ...........................................................................................  5

               F. Report (Laporan Hasil Pengamatan) .........................................................................  7

                G.  Descriptive ................................................................................................................  9

               H. Analytical Exposition (exposition analitia) ...........................................................  11

               I.  Explanation (Explanation) .....................................................................................  13

Penutup ..................................................................................................................................  xii

Daftar Pustaka ........................................................................................................................  xiii

Kata Penghantar

Alhamdulillah puji dan syukur penulis panjatkan kehadirat Allah SWT, zat Yang Maha Indah dengan segala keindahan-Nya, zat yang Maha Pengasih dengansegala kasih sayangNya, yang terlepas dari segala sifat lemah semua makhluk-Nya.Alhamdulillah berkat Rahmatdan Hidayah-Nya penulis dapat menyelesaikan MAKALAH Ini . Shalawat serta salam mahabbah semoga senantiasa di limpahkan kepada NabiMuhammad SAW, sebagai pembawa risalah Allah terakhir dan penyempurna seluruhrisalah-Nya.

Akhirnya dengan segala kerendahan hati izinkanlah penulis untuk menyampaikan terima kasih dan penghargaan yang setinggi-tingginya kepada semua pihak yang telah berjasa memberikan motivasi dalam rangka menyelesaikan MAKALAH ini. Untuk itu penulis mengucapkan terima kasih kepada:

1. Bapak Dosen Reading yang telah memberikan bimbingannya kepada kami.

2. orang tua yang telah memberi memotivasi sehingga dapat selesai.

Penulis juga mengucapkan terima kasih kepada semua pihak yang terkait,yang telah membantu penulis dalam menyelesaikan MAKALAH ini. Semoga kebaikan yang diberikan oleh semua pihak kepada penulis menjadi amal sholeh yang senantiasamendapat balasan dan kebaikan yang berlipat ganda dari Allah Subhana wa Ta’ala. Amin.

Akhir kata, penulis menyadari bahwa masih terdapat kekurangan dalam laporan ini, untuk itu saran dan kritik yang sifatnya membangun sangat penulis harapkan.

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Pendahuluan

Reading Skill on The Test

Reading skills are tested in the Reading Comprehension section of the TOEFL. On the paper test, with a answer of 50 questions, these skills are distributed as show below. The computer test has a similar distribution of these skills, with additional skill of recongnizing cohorence.

READING SKILL	APPROXIMATE NUMBER
Identifying the Topic and Main Ideas	4
Comprehending Details And Supporting Ideas	12+
Locating Referents	5+
Understanding Vocabulary in Context	12+
Making Inferences	10
Identifying Organisation and Purpose	4
Recongnizing Coherence (computer test only)	4

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Below are the various forms of the common questions in a matter of Reading:

A. Find a general description / topic content reading / text. 
Example question: Which of the Following is the most Suitable title ...? 
                                 Suitable What is the topic of the passage? 
                                  The text Mainly Tells us about____. 
2. Find specific information / special readings. 
Examples of questions: When did she Make her first solo flight? In ... 
3. Find detailed information is written from reading the text / dialogue. 
Example: Which of the Following requirements is not Mentioned in the passage. 
                "They may be classefied Airways in Several different ..." 
     The Underlined 
                  Word refers to .... 
4. Find detailed information that is implied from reading the text / dialogue. 
Example: Which statement is NOT TRUE According to the text 
                The Following are TRUE EXCEPT about Mary ... 
5. Determining the idea of ​​explicit games / lines of a paragraph. 
Example: What is the main idea of ​​the passage? 
                 The fourth paragraph ____ Tells us. 
6. Determine the meaning of words, phrases and sentences based on the context. 
Example: "Brownie is Chinese breed, it is small, fluffy. And cute. " 
                The Underlined word ____ mean 
7. Determine the type of text that the author used. 
Example: What type text is used by the writer? 
                The text above is in the form of _____. 
8. Determining the communicative purpose / goal kominikativ a text 
Example: The communicative putpose of the text above is ___. 
               The purpose of the text is _____. 
9. Construct a sentence properly. 

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A. What is the mean by:

1.         TEXT is any inscription on a book, article, etc. that have a meaning. Non-continuous text such as brochures, labels, graphs, tables, maps, diagrams and so on. Continuous text such as narrative, descriptive, exposition, etc. spoof.

2.         Paragraph is part of a post / text, and may consist of a sentence or set of sentences which is the development of main ideas / main topic / main idea.

3.         Sentence that describes the game idea / main ideas of a paragraph disebit TOPIC SENTENCE.

4.         Topic sentence is usually there at the beginning / end / sometimes in the middle of a paragraph.

5.         Overview of the contents of the reading can be a MAIN TOPIC or MAIN IDEA.

6.         TOPIC of a paragraph / text is the subject of writing, while the MAIN IDEA is a description, explanation, description of a topic or opinion about the topic author wrote.

7.         Hence the question about the topic of a paragraph / text can be on the core content of the text can also be the title.

8.         If the question asks 'TOPIC' then the answer is written in the form of a word or phrase, but if the question asks about 'MAIN IDEA' then the answer is written in complete sentences.

9.         What is meant by 'particular information / specific information' is information which clearly indicated in the text, usually about the name, place, date, year, etc..

10.       What is meant by 'implicit information' is information that is not stated clearly in the text. To be able to answer questions such as these required skills 'reading between the lines'.

11.       The phrase is the phrase that has meaning.

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B. TEXT TYPES: FEATURES & SAMPLE

·         Narrative (narrative, fairy tales)

o   Communicative purpose Text (Communicative Purpose)

·         Entertain the listener / reader (To entertain reader / listener). Text related to real experiences, imaginary / complex events that led to a crisis, which eventually found a solution.

o   Structure of Text (Text Structure)

·          Orientation (introduction of characters, time and place)

·          Complication (konflok development)

·          Resolution (conflict resolution)

o   Characteristics of language use:

·          nouns (noun) as a specific pronoun, animals and certain objects in the story such as stepsister (half brother), housework (housework), and so on.

·          Adjectives (adjectives) that make up the noun phrase, for example, long white hair, two red apple, and so on.

·          Time and conjunction connectives to sequence events, eg the next morning, then, before, that, soon, and so on.

·          adverbs to indicate the location of the incident / event, for example here, happily ever after, and so on.

·          Action verbs in past tense as stayed, climed, saw etc..

·          Saying verbs which marks the utterance as said, of toll, promised, and thinking verbs that mark the thoughts, perceptions or feelings of the characters in the story, such as thought, Understood, felt, etc..

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C. Example of narrative text

Orientation


Complication 1


Resolution 1



Complication 2

Resolution 2    Snow White
Once upon a time, there lived a little girl named Snow White. She lived with her uncle and Aunt because her parents were dead.
One day, she heard her Uncle and Aunt talking about leaving her in the castle because they both wanted to go to America and they didn’t have enough money to take her.
Snow White didn’t want her Uncle and Aunt to do this so she decides it would be best if she ran away. The next morning she ran away from home when her Aunt and Uncle were having breackfast. She ran away into the woods.
Then, she saw this little cottage. She knocked but no one answered so she went inside and fell sleep.
Meanwhile, the seven dwarfs were coming home from work. They went inside. There they found Snow White sleeping. Then, she woke up. She saw the dwarfs. The dwarf said, “What is your name?” She said, “My name is Snow White.”
Doc, one of the dwarfs, said, “If you wish, you may live here with us. She said, “Oh could I? Thank you.” Then she told the dwarfs the whole story, and she and the seven dwarfs lived happily ever after.

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D. News Item (Berita)

a.         Communicative purpose Text (Communicative Purpose)

Preach to readers, listeners / viewers about events or events deemed important or newsworthy.

b.         Structure of Text (Text Structure)

 Genesis core

 Background: The elaboration of the events, people involved, the scene, etc..

 Source of information: comments witness the incident, experts, etc..

c.         Characteristics of language use:

 Brief information contained in the headline using action verbs, saying verbs, eg say, tell, etc.. Using descriptive words, such as badly injured, the most beautiful bride in the worl, and so on.

d.         The example text News Item   

incidence of core

Background:

elaboration

Resources Town Contaminated

Moscow- A Russian journalist has uncovered evidence of another soviet nuclesr catastrophe, which killed 10 sailors and contaminated an entire town.
Yelena Vazrshaskya is the first journalist to speak to people who witnessed the explosion of a nuclear submarine at the naval base of shkotova-22 near Vladivostock.
The accident, which occurred 13 months before the Chernobly disaster, spread radioactive fall-out over the base and nearby town, but was covered up by officials of the Soviet Union. Residents war told the explosion in the reactor of the Victor-class submarine during a refit had been a ‘thermal’ and not a nuclear explosion. And  those involved in the clean up operation to remove more than 600 tones of contaminated material were sworn to secrery.
A board of investigation was later to describe it as the worst accident in the history of the Soviet Nav.

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E. Procedure (prosedur)

a.         Communicative purpose Text (Communicative Purpose)

Gives instructions on how to do something through a series of actions / steps.

b.         Structure of Text (Text Structure)

 Objectives Activities

 Materials

 Steps

c.         Characteristics of language use:

 imperative sentence pattern, such as Cut, Do not mix, and so on.

 Action verbs such as turn, put, do not mix, and so on.

 connectives to sequence events, for example, then, while, etc..

 Adverbials to declare details of time, place, an accurate way, for example, for five minutes, 2 centimeters from the top, and so on.

d.         Example of Procedure text

purpose

material

Steps How to Make a Cheese Omelet

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Ingredients

1 egg, 50 g cheese. 1 cup milk, 3 table spoons of cooking oil, a pinch of salt and pepper

Utensils

Frying pan, fork, spatula, cheese grater, bowl, plate

method

A. Crack an egg into a bowl.

2. Whisk the egg with a fork until it is smooth.

3. Add milk and whisk well.

4. Grate the cheese into the bowl and stir.

5. Heat the oil in a frying pan.

6. Pour the mixture into the frying pan

7. Turn the omelet with a spatula when it browns

8. Cook both sides

9. Place on a plate; season with salt and pepper.

10. Eat while warm.

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F. Report (Laporan Hasil Pengamatan)

Communicative purpose Text (Communicative Purpose)

Convey information about things as they are, as a result of systematic observation or analysis. Something that can be described may include natural phenomena, man-made object environment, or social phenomena. Description of a text report can be a general conclusion, including animals such as whales are mammals because fish give birth to her son. To create such reports, students need to observe and compare the whale with other animals that have similar characteristics. Students can try to make the text of the report, for example a very simple house, shop tegal, schools, hospitals, etc..

a.         Structure of Text (Text Structure)

 the general statement that describes the subject of reports, statements and activities klasifikasinyaTujuan

 Description

b.         Characteristics of language use:

 General nouns, such as Reptile in Comodo Island, etc..

 Relating verbs to describe the characteristics, such as reptiles are Scaly animal (This feature applies to all reptiles), and so on.

 Section verbs in describing the behavior, such as lizards can not fly, and so on.

 Present tense to express a common, such as komodo dragons usually weigh more than 160 kg, and so on.

 technical terms, such as water contains oxygent and hydrogen, and so on.

 paragraphs with topic sentences to organize some information.

c.         Report text example

Statement on the subject of the report

description

The Pelican Report

The white pelican is one of the most succesful fish eating birds.

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The success is largely due to its command hunting behavior. A group, perhaps two dozen birds, will gather in a curved src some distance off shore. The bird then begin to move forward towards the shore, beating the water furiously with their wings, driving the fish before them
When the water is shallow enough for the bird to reach the fish, the formaion breaks up as each dips its bill into the water to scoops up its meal. As the bird lifts its head, the water drains from its bill leaving the fish which are then swallowed Pelicans are among the oldest group of birds. Fossils of this genus have been found dating back 40 million years.

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G. Descriptive

a.         Communicative purpose Text (Communicative Purpose)

Describe (describes) the characteristics of a person, object or a particular place.

b.         Structure of Text (Text Structure)

 Introduction to the subject

 The characteristics of the subject, such as physical appearance, quality, general behavior, the properties.

c.         Characteristics of language use:

 specific nouns such as teacher, house, my cat, etc..

 Simple present tense

 Detiled noun phrase to provide information about the subject, eg It was a large open rowboat, a sweet young lady, and so on.

 Adjectives, which are describing, classifying numbering, for example, two strong legs, sharp white fang, etc..

 Relating verbs to provide information about the subject, for example, My mum is Really cool, It has very tick fur, etc..

 Thinking verbs and feeling verbs to express the author's personal views about the subject, such as Police belive the suspect is armed, I think it is the clever animal, and so on.

 Action verbs, eg Our new puppy bites our shoes, etc..

 Adverbials to provide additional information about the behavior, such as fast at the tree house, and so on.

 figurative language, such as simile, metaphor. For example, John is white as chalk, sat Tigh, etc..

d.         Examples of Descriptive Text

subjects

description

Macquarie University

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MacQuarie is one of the largest unuversities in Australia. This year, in 2004, it celebrates its 40th anniversary.
The university is located at the North Ride Greenbelt, Sydney, where the New South Wales government sets aside 135 hectars for the institution. In 1964, MacQuarie area was a rural retreat on the city fringe, but today the campus and its surrondings have evolved beyond recognition.The white pelican is one of the most succesful fish eating birds. North Ride District has growen into a district of intensive occupatian anchored by a vibrant and growing university.
One of the highlights of the landsape is the Mars Creek zone. It comprises landscaped creek sides and valley floor, a gress amphitheatre,andartificial lake surounded by rock and pebbels, native plants and eucalypts.

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H. Analytical Exposition (exposition analitia)

a.         Communicative purpose Text (Communicative Purpose) Describe and influence the audience (the listener / reader) that there is a problem that certainly needs attention.

b.         Structure of Text (Text Structure)

 Statement of opinion / thesis statement (purpose of introducing the topic)

 The argument consists of the points raised and the elaboration

 Strengthening the statement / conclusion

c.         Characteristics of language use:

 General nouns, eg car, pollution, leaded petrol car, etc..

 Abstrac nouns, such as policy, government, etc..

 Relating verbs, eg It is Important, and so on.

 Action verbs such as, She must save, and so on.

 Thinking verbs, eg Many people believe, and so on.

 Capital verbs, eg We must preserve, and so on.

 Capital adverbs, eg Certainly, etc..

 connectives, eg Firstly, secondly, etc..

 Discuss evaluative, such as Important, valuable, and so on.

 The passive (passive voice)

d.         Sample text Analytical Exposition...

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express an opinion

argumentation

Strengthening of the statement (conclusion) Air pollution is one of the harmful substances That Causes demage to the environment, human healt, and quality of life. It makes people sick like having breathing problems and cancer.

Pollutants also come from other sources. For instance, decomposing garbage in landfills and solid waste disposal sites emits methane gas and give off VOCs many product

Unlike pollutants from human activity however, natural pollutanta growing niche to REMAIN in the atmosphere for a short time and do not lead to permanent atmospheric change.

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I. Explanation (Explanation)

a.         Communicative purpose Text (Communicative Purpose)

Explain the processes that occur in the formation or activity associated with the phenomenon of the scientific world, socio-cultural, or that aim to explain.

b.         Structure of Text (Text Structure)

 Overview

 Explanation of the process

 Closing

c.         Characteristics of language use:

 General and abstrac nouns, such as chopping word, Earthquakes;

 Actions verbs;

 Simple present tense;

 Passive voice;

 Conjunctions of time and cause;

 nouns phrases, such as the large cloud;

 Abstract nouns, for example, the temperature;.

 adverbial phrases;

 Complex sentences;

 technical language;

 The passive (passive voice)

d.         Examples and explaination Text Structure

The common explanation

Penjelsan process

Making the cover paper from woodchips

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